第二篇
Attitudes Towards Two Types of Law
Rules: Present your perspective on the issue below, using relevant reasons and/or examples to support your views.
Topic: "There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."
两个题目究竟有什么不同呢?上一篇文章题目是讨论非科学的精神追求对人类社会有没有帮助这一问题。因此,即使赞成应该用科学的方法来解决人类的问题,也不能完全否认非科学的精神追求对人类也是有一定帮助的。而这道题的复杂性有不同的表现方式。这道题目的复杂性在于这道题目的论述过于general,看似非常简单,但是如果不加以分析,加以qualification的话,这道题目就没法做论述了,因为这个观点是完全正确的。
习作修改
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In almost everyone’s opinions[1], there are two kinds of laws in our society: just and unjust.[2] How should we take our attitudes to these two different laws?[3] Some say that we should only obey just laws and disobey and resist unjust laws; others say that all the individuals should obey these two kinds of laws. In my point of view, I am in favor of the first one attitude. |
In most people’s opinion, there are only two types of laws in our society: just and unjust. What kind of attitude should we have towards these laws? Some people say that we should only obey the just laws and ignore the rest, others say that all laws must be obeyed. I personally agree with the first attitude. |
内容点评及修改
这篇习作的第一段只做到了前文提到的关于首段写作三个内容方面的要求中的一个,它只是表达了自己的观点,没有做到对题目的分析;更没有给读者一些关于下文脉络的指示。这样写有点类似于结构不好的TOEFL文章的开篇,这样的文章很难在GRE写作中拿到高分。
其实在写作第一段之前,应该认真分析题目,这道题目的重点在于是否要反抗那些非正义的法律。要遵守正义的法律是不需要证实的。所以应该从下面这些方面考虑并进行论述。抵抗不正义来保护那些受到委屈的人是一种道德责任。这种理想应该被延伸到抵抗非正义的法律上来。但是只有这种非正义达到一定危害程度,人们才能这样做。有一些公民能够站出来反抗不公正的法律却不颠覆社会,这也是在没有其他的办法解决问题的情况下,使社会受益的上佳选择。
第一段应该开宗明义指出作者的这种观点,即反抗非正义的法律是一种道德责任。在历史上,有很多先例已经证实了这对社会是有好处的。而且这种反抗是在没有其他的选择的情况下进行的,又不颠覆整个社会。这样对原来的题目做了很多qualification和界定,读者也了解接下来作者会举哪些例子来说明这一观点。
修改范例 来源:考资网
To stand against injustice and defend someone who has been wronged is generally recognized as a moral obligation. This ideal of fighting injustice should extend as far as resisting and even disobeying unjust laws, but only when the injustice is great enough to warrant it. A few brave citizens’ willingness to stand against the unjust laws without upsetting the fabric of society has colored and improved many societies, and is usually recognized as beneficial when no other options presented themselves.
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First, laws are the fundamentals[4] of our society, especially in the modern society, so everyone should obey the laws to maintain our society to operate properly. All the rights such as freedom, democracy, and independence and so on we now hold can only be protected by the laws. If someone does not obey the laws, he will do as much harm to himself as to our society; if everyone in our society does not obey laws, our society will be corrupted and all the people will be the hazards to others. |
Laws are the fundamental backbone of society, especially modern society, and everyone must obey the law to maintain social stability. The rights that we hold dear, such as freedom, democracy and independence, exist because they are protected by law. If a person breaks the law he harms both himself and society. If everyone breaks the law society will begin to break down. |
内容点评及修改
这一段的论述完全是空洞的,全部是statements,空话,没有任何例证。而且所述内容也有明显的问题。首先,法律是社会的基础,特别是在现代社会,所以每个人都要去遵守法律,使得我们的社会能够正常运转。这里不由让人产生疑问为什么特别是在现代社会?古代社会法律就不重要吗?另外,各种各样的concepts不能包含在rights里面,有了freedom才有rights,democracy是一种政治形态,independence国家可以有独立的,个人也可以有独立的,上述这些都不在一个范畴层次,所以是不能并列的。如果有人违反法律,对自己,对他人都有害。如果社会上所有的人都不遵守法律,我们的社会就会corrupted,人人对对方都是有害的。这一部分对于个人与社会、人人与社会的关系的论述还可以成立,但是最后所涉及的人人相互危害,有些令人不知所云。
这已经是文章的第二段,这里没有必要过多地陈述论点,而是应该展开论述,举出鲜活的例证。我们不妨这样论述。人们应当对违背人类基本道德准则的法律进行和平的抵抗。有些法律对社会中某一群体的人是非正义的,它们对一群人歧视、压制、剥夺权利,甚至夺走生命,这些法律是需要进行和平抵抗的。这些法律本身在道德上是不可容忍的。任何接受这样法律的人都必须违反自己的道德准则。例如在二战的时候,希特勒的极端主义要求德国人剥夺其它无罪的人的生命,很多人默默反抗,也牺牲了自己的生命。虽然这种反抗并不能改变当时的现状,但那些暗中救助犹太人的那些人在那个耻辱的时代被认为是光荣的。这样的例证不仅支持了第一段的观点,而且这样的论述也使文章内容更加丰满。
修改范例来源:考资网
One type of law that requires civil disobedience is any law that breaks our basic moral code. Laws that are unjust to one segment of society, that discriminate, repress, disenfranchise, and take the lives of one group in society are worthy of civil disobedience. Such laws are, in themselves, morally unbearable. The person who bends to such an unjust law must break his own moral code. During World War II, when Hitler’s fanaticism required his countrymen to take the lives of innocent people, many quietly resisted and lost their lives as well. Although unable to change the immediate course of events, those who rescued and hid Jews during the holocaust are regarded as honorable in a time of shame.
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Secondly, as an organic integrity, that has its own play rules here we call it laws. If the laws themselves are unjust, it is inconceivable that they can preserve fair play? Moreover, unjust laws poison our society and they penalize innocent people rather than guilty ones. So we should resist unjust laws. |
Often normal and natural rules and behaviors are turned into laws. However, when laws become outdated and unjust how can they benefit society? Unjust laws are a detriment to society and end up penalizing innocent, rather than guilty people. If we want to preserve our society we should resist unjust laws. |
内容点评及修改
第一句话不太合乎逻辑。作为一个有机体,它有自己的游戏规则,即法律。这里没有说明谁是有机体,它的规则如何就成为了法律。接下来说的内容既空洞,又跑题。如果这些法律本身是非正义的,它怎么能够维护公平呢?而且,非正义的法律毒害我们的社会,惩罚了无罪的人,所以我们必须反抗不公正的法律。这段中的几句话没有给读者呈现合理的逻辑论证关系。
第二段只提出了一种需要抵抗的不公正法律,内容还不够充实,在第三段还应该提出另外需要抵抗的法律。例如,抵制它能让社会得益的法律,这样的法律需要抵制。诸如那些没有必要的限制自由,让人们受苦的法律需要人们和平的抗议。这里可以举出马丁路德金领导民权运动的例子。任何人都不能怀疑马丁路德金领导黑人反抗不公正的暴政以及争取平等权利的做法使得那一代人和整个国家都得到了益处。马丁路德金号召大家的进行抵抗开启了美国的民权运动,并使得黑人的文化得到了复兴,使得美国印第安人文化的得到了复兴。
修改范例
It is also a duty to disobey a law that is unjust when we know our resistance will benefit society. Laws that unnecessarily restrict freedom and produce suffering often can only be changed through civil disobedience because those in power are afraid to make changes. Society has recognized the bravery of people who have disobeyed such unjust laws. Few would contest that Martin Luther King, Jr., in leading his race and to stand against the tyranny of injustice and seek equal treatment, was doing a great service for his generation and his country. Even though the Jim Crow laws did not threaten lives, Martin Luther King Jr.’s call for resistance marked the birth of civil rights in his country, sparking the American Indian Movement and the Harlem Renaissance.
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Finally, as I have mentioned above, laws are the fundamental of our society and unjust laws will do much harm to our society and every one of us, we should not merely resist unjust laws. I think we should obey just laws and make our efforts to amend unjust laws and make more and more just laws out of unjust laws. |
Laws are the backbone of our society, with just laws preserving and unjust laws endangering our way of life. In order to maintain a healthy society we must not only obey the just laws and resist the unjust ones, we must also work to reform unjust laws. |
内容点评及修改来源:考资网
这段与前面几段存在着同样的问题,只是重复了观点,没有进一步论证。其实,这三段话基本上没有中心思想,也没有对任何一个观点进行有效的组织和分析论证。而且,给读者反复说一样的话的感觉,这种重复可以通过调整句式避免。其实,最后一段话应该总结全文,但是不要重复前面的语句,完全可以换一种说法。例如,抵制不公正法律古已有之,它还将会改变我们的未来。虽然我们不能够太广泛的、太绝对的说我们有抵制所有不正义法律的责任,但是当必须抵制不正义法律的时刻到来的时候,我们应该这样做。
修改范例
Civil disobedience has its place in history and will probably shape our future. It may be dangerous to assert too broadly that we have a responsibility to disobey unjust laws, but there are times when events require us to do so.
习作总评
造成这篇作文失败的原因是这个作者不知道GRE作文的要求。GRE的作文首先要求作者对题目的复杂性加以了解分析。如果不去探讨题目的复杂性,仅仅看字面的意思,或者让这种宽泛的表达左右你的思想的话,那么你写作时就几乎无话可说了,因为原来的题目看起来像是真理一样。看到这个题目时应当清楚地知道这道题目的重点在于是否要反抗那些非正义的法律。要遵守正义的法律是不需要证实的,不需要去论证的。知道了题目的重点之后还得想到一个问题,就是我们抵抗非正义的法律并不是要无法无天,并不是要反对政府。必须论证反对非正义的法律对社会是有好处的,而不是去制造混乱。要举出例子证明我们反抗非正义的法律怎样使社会进步,使社会受益。所以在第一段就要对原来的题目进行qualify,即把原来的题目的涉及面缩窄。
[1] In almost everyone’s opinions表示一种不确定的语气,其实这个地方没有什么不确定的,不应该用这个词组。而且很多考生在作文时喜欢用不确定的语气说话,是个通病,应予以注意。在开篇点明观点时应体现出作者的自信,将“almost everyone”改为“most”增加开头的力度。
[2]第一句抄了原题中的话,浪费了有限的篇幅。来源:考资网
[3]第二句故意用了个问句并不生动,完全好像是在凑字数。
[4]法律是社会的基础。基础可以说groundwork或是backbone。如果只说fundamental指的是基本知识,基本常识。
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